Foundational Knowledge

Daniel T. Willingham states that factual knowledge must precede skill. And, that The learning of connected knowledge versus factual knowledge can facilitate deep knowledge.

The Learning Scientists discuss the importance of using concrete examples to illustrate abstract ideas.

Learning to study using concrete examples.

Retrieval practice dramatically improves long-term learning and promotes transfer of learning. Facilitating fact learning via retrieval practice may reduce cognitive demands and enhance higher order thinking.

Retrieval Practice Guide

Read Dr. Pooja Agarwal's research: Bloom's Taxonomy and Retrieval Practice


The benefits of spaced practice have been demonstrated in many domains, from fact learning, to problem solving, and even to musical instrument learning.

Spaced Practice Guide

Use a time log to plan for spaced practice.